Research - The Development Of Editing Technology

Research the development of editing technology

include mention of;
-Early editing - cutting
-Moviola
-Flatbed Edit Suites
-Linear and Non-linear editing
-Online and Offline editing
-The digital Era (CMX-600, Edit Droid And Avid 1)
-Modern editing platforms (Final Cut, Premiere Pro)
-Film and file types

Include mention of key texts affected by the developments in technology. You must include videos and images that help illustrate your answers


Early Editing - Cutting

Early editing involved cutting down film negatives and placing them in order, it then went through a machine called the Moviola or the K.E.M. A Moviola is a device that allows a film editor to view the film while editing. It was fthe first machine for motion picture editing when it was invented by Iwan Serrurier in 1924.

The Lumiere Brothers started it all off un 1895, they invented cinematography, it was a three way machine that recorded, captured and projected a motion picture. The work they produced only consisted of one long roll of film, a continuous shot. This means that they had to film everything in order as it took long amounts of time to cut and sew the film together this is why you can see in some of their films the mistakes they'd made that they had to keep in the film due to not having the advances editing technology that we have today such as premiere pro and final cut.


Moviola
A Moviola is a device that allows a film editor to view a film while editing. It was the first machine for motion picture editing when it was invented by Iwan Serrurier in 1924.


Flatbed Edit Suites
A prism reflects the images onto a screen, and a magnetic playback head reads the audio tracks. The most common flatbed editors are the six-plate which has one picture transport, two sound transports, and the eight-plate, which has two picture and two sound transports.



Linear Editing
Linear video editing is a video editing post-production process of selecting, arranging and modifying images and sound in a predetermined, ordered sequence.


Non-Linear Editing
Non-destructive editing is a form of audio, video, and image editing in which the original content is not modified in the course of editing; instead the edits are specified and modified by specialized software.
Non-linear video editing is achieved by loading the video material into a computer from analogue or digital tape.



Offline And Online Editing
Online and offline editing is very common in TV and other media projects which they hardly mentioned in film because of the blurred boundaries. 

Offline editing is actually a rough or draft cut of the project by editing a low-quality footage together, so the main editor and possibly director could get ideas for the final cut. Another role for an offline editor is to create an edit decision list (EDL) which is similar to log sheets (a list of shots). It is very important because once the offline editors done a list of the shots they put in a rough cut, the online editor would follow and make changes in order to edit a final cut. Offline editors can also make creative decisions; shots, cuts, dissolves, fades, etc.

Online editing is a final cut of the project by editing a high quality footage together. Online editors would reconstruct the final cut based on the EDL, created by the offline editors. They will add visual effects, lower third titles, and apply colour correction. I noticed that the reason the offline editing has to be done first is because it is cheaper to use in a long period of time in contrast to online editing.

The Digital Era 

CMX-600
A CMX-600 is the first non-linear video editing system. This system was first introduced in 1971 by CMX Systems, a joint collaboration between CBS and Memorex. CMX referred to it as a "RAVE", or a Random Access Video Editing. 
CMX was formed as a joint venture between CBS and Memorex. There goal was to produce a revolutionary new offline video editing system. This system stored the video on computer disks, which provided instant access to both picture and sound, and the ability to make, and see, changes in real time.

This new systems was called a Random Access Video Editor (R.A.V.E). Adrian Ettlinger, of CBS, provided the concept for the new system, and Memorex, then heavily involved in data recording, provided the disk recording technology.
Complete control of the editing process was done with a Light Pen. The editing console (pictured above) housed two black and white monitors. The monitor on the right was used by the editor to select scenes, select cut points, and to control playback. All this was done by clicking on parts of the screen.

The left hand monitor showed the edited sequence. You could at any time play the sequence, forward, or backward, and at a variety of speeds.
 
Edit Droid
The Edit Droid i a computerised analog NLE (non-linear system), which was developed by Lucas film spin-off company, the Droid Works and Convergence Corporation who formed a joint venture company. The company existed up through the mid-80's to the early 90's in an attempt to move from analog editing methods to digital. Edit droid debuted at the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) 62nd Annual meeting in Las Vegas in 1984 concurrent with another editing tool that would compete with the Edit Droid for all its years in production, the Montage Picture Processor. The Edit Droid was never a commercial success and after the close of The Droid Works in 1987 and subsequent redevelopment of the product for seven years, the software was eventually sold to Avid Technology in 1993.


AVID 1

Avid Technology is an American technology and multimedia company founded in August 1987 by Bill Warner, based in Burlington, Massachusetts. It specialises in audio and video; specifically, digital non-linear editing (NLE) systems, management and distribution services.

Avid products are now used in the television and video industry to create television shows, feature films and commercials. Media Composer, a professional software-based non-linear editing system is Avid's flagship product.

Avid was founded by a marketing manager from Apollo Computer, Bill Warner. A prototype of their first digital non-linear editing system (the Avid 1) was shown in a private suite at the National Association of Broadcasters convention April 1988. The Avid 1 was based on the Apple macintosh 11 computer, with special hardware and software of Avid's own design installed.

Final Cut Pro
Final Cut Pro is a series of non-linear video editing software programs first developed by Macromedia Incorporative and later by Apple incorporative. The most recent version, Final Cut Pro X 10.4.6, runs on Intel-based Mac computers powered by MacOS High Sierra or later. The software allows users to log and transfer video onto a hard drive (internal or external), where it can be edited, processed, and output to a wide variety of formats. The fully rewritten Final Cut Pro X was introduced by Apple in 2011.

Since the early 2000s, Final Cut Pro has developed a large and expanding user base, mainly video editors and independent filmmakers. It had also made connections with film and television editors who have traditionally used Avid Technology's Media Composer. According to a 2017 study, Final Cut Pro made up 49% of the US professional editing market, with Avid at 22%. A published survey in 2008 by the American Cinema Editors Guild placed their users at 21% Final Cut Pro (and growing from previous surveys of this group), while all others were on an Avid system of some kind.



Premiere Pro
Adobe Premiere Pro is a timeline-based video editing app developed by Adobe Systems and published as part of the Adobe Creative Cloud licensing program. First launched in 2003, Adobe Premiere Pro is a successor of Adobe Premiere (first began in 1991). It is geared towards professional video editing, while its sibling, Adobe Premiere Elements is targeted towards the consumer market.


REFERENCES
http://www.vtoldboys.com/editingmuseum/cmx600.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EditDroid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avid_Technology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro